How Data and Programs Are Represented in the Computer free essay sample

Its probably best that most people feel this way. However, for those of you with a thirst for knowledge and the desire to see how things work, this is what you are looking for. Before we study the inner workings of the processor, we need to expand on an earlier discussion of data representation in the computer—how the processor â€Å"understands† data. We started with a simple fact: electricity can be either on or off. Other kinds of technology also use this two-state on/off arrangement. An electrical circuit may be open or closed. The magnetic pulses on a disk or tape may be present or absent. Current may be high voltage or low voltage. A punched card or tape may have a hole or not have a hole. This two-state situation allows computers to use the binary system to represent data and programs. The decimal system that we are accustomed to has 10 digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9). We will write a custom essay sample on How Data and Programs Are Represented in the Computer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page By contrast, the binary system has only two digits: 0 and 1. (Bi- means â€Å"two. †) Thus, in the computer the 0 can be represented by the electrical current being off (or at low voltage) and the 1 by the current being on (or at high voltage). All data and programs that go into the computer are represented in terms of these numbers. For example, the letter H is a translation of the electronic signal 01001000, or off-on-off-off-on-off-off-off. When you press the key for H on the computer keyboard, the character is automatically converted into the series of electronic impulses that the computer recognizes. All the amazing things that computers do are based on binary numbers made up of 0s and 1s. Fortunately, we don’t have to enter data into the computer using groupings of 0s and 1s. Rather, data is encoded, or arranged, by means of binary, or digital, coding schemes to represent letters, numbers, and special characters. There are many coding schemes. Two common ones are EBCDIC and ASCII. Both use 7 or 8 bits to form each byte, providing up to 256 combinations with which to form letters, numbers, and special characters, such as math symbols and Greek letters. One newer coding scheme uses 16 bits, enabling it to represent 65,536 unique characters. EBCDIC: Pronounced â€Å"eb-see-dick,† EBCDIC, which stands for Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code, is commonly used in IBM mainframes. EBCDIC is an 8-bit coding scheme, meaning that it can represent 256 characters. ASCII: Pronounced â€Å"as-key,† ASCII, which stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is the most widely used binary code with non-IBM mainframes and microcomputers. Whereas standard ASCII originally used 7 bits for each character, limiting its character set to 128, the more common extended ASCII uses 8 bits. Unicode: Although ASCII can handle English and European languages well, it cannot handle all the characters of some other languages, such as Chinese and Japanese. Unicode, which was developed to deal with languages, uses 2 bytes (16 bits) for each character, instead of 1 byte (8 bits), enabling it to handle 65,536 character combinations rather than just 256. Although each Unicode character takes up twice as much memory space and disk space as each ASCII character, conversion to the Unicode standard seems likely. However, because most existing software applications and databases use the 8-bit standard, the conversion will take time. The Parity Bit: Checking for Errors Dust, electrical disturbance, weather conditions, and other factors can cause interference in a circuit or communications line that is transmitting a byte. How does the computer know if an error has occurred? Detection is accomplished by use of a parity bit. A parity bit, also called a check bit, is an extra bit attached to the end of a byte for purposes of checking for accuracy. Parity schemes may be even parity or odd parity. In an even-parity scheme, for example, the ASCII letter H (01001000) consists of two 1s. Thus, the ninth bit, the parity bit, would be 0 in order to make an even number of set its. Likewise, with the letter O (01001111), which has five 1s, the ninth bit would be 1 to make an even number of set bits. The system software in the computer automatically and continually checks the parity scheme for accuracy. Machine Language: Your Brand of Computer’s Very Own Language So far, we have been discussing how data is represented in the computer, for example, via AS CII code in microcomputers. But if data is represented this way in all microcomputers, why won’t word processing software that runs on an Apple Macintosh run (without special arrangements) on an IBM PC? In other words, why are these two microcomputer platforms incompatible? It’s because each hardware platform, or processor model family, has a unique machine language. Machine language is a binary programming language that the computer can run directly. To most people an instruction written in machine language is incomprehensible, consisting only of 0s and 1s. However, it is what the computer itself can understand, and the 0s and 1s represent precise storage locations and operations. Many people are initially confused by the difference between the 0 and 1 ASCII code used for data representation and the 0 and 1 code used in machine language. What’s the difference? ASCII is used for data files, that is, files containing only data in the form of ASCII code. Data files cannot be opened and worked on without execution programs, the software instructions that tell the computer what to do with the data files. These execution programs are run by the computer in the form of machine language. But wouldn’t it be horrendously difficult for programmers to write complex applications programs in seemingly endless series of machine-language groups of 0s and 1s? Indeed it would, so they don’t. The Processor, Main Memory, and Registers: How is the information in â€Å"information processing† processed? As we mentioned earlier, this is the job of the circuitry known as the processor. In large computers such as mainframes, this device, along with main memory and some other basic circuitry, is also called the central processing unit (CPU); in microcomputers, it is often called the microprocessor. The processor works hand in hand with other circuits known as main memory and registers to carry out processing. Together these circuits form a closed world, which is opened only by connection to input/output devices. The Processor: In Charge The main processor follows the instructions of the software to manipulate data into information. The processor consists of two parts: (1) the control unit and (2) the arithmetic/logic unit. The two components are connected by a kind of electronic roadway called a bus. (A bus also connects these components with other parts of the microcomputer, as we will discuss. ) 10. Control unit: The control unit tells the rest of the computer system how to carry out a program’s instructions. It directs the movement of electronic signals between main memory and the arithmetic/logic unit. It also directs these electronic signals between main memory and the input and output devices. 11. Arithmetic/logic unit: The arithmetic/logic unit, or ALU, performs arithmetic operations and logical operations and controls the speed of those operations. As you might guess, arithmetic operations are the fundamental math operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Logical operations are comparisons. That is, the ALU compares two pieces of data to see whether one is equal to (=), greater than (gt;), or less than (

Corporate Financial Management for Defined Plan- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Financial Management for Defined Benefit Plan. Answer: Services are being provided by the employees working in the tertiary sector and the service sector. In tertiary as well as service sectors there are three types of sectors available in the same. Choice of the superannuation funds depends upon the will of the employees working in the tertiary sector because employers do not have any control over the decisions of the employees in relation with the superannuation funds (Bacon, 2010). There are two types of superannuation funds from which anyone could be chosen by the employees. These two types of superannuation plans are defined benefit plan and investment choice plan. While selecting the plan it is required that in depth knowledge regarding both the plans there are various set of factors which are required to be taken into consideration while selecting the superannuation fund. Hence, further information related with both the plans will help in making appropriate decisions regarding selection of the most effective superannuation fund (A slan, 2015). Defined Benefit Plan Defined benefit plans are the plans in which the amount which will be received by the employee at the time of the maturity or retirement is being decided well in advance (Arnold, 2013). Defined benefit plan have low risk as it is not directly linked with the market. The amount is being decided on the basis of the requirement of the employee. Contribution of the amount investment is being made by both employers as well as employee as certain amount of the salary of the employee is being invested and rest is being invested by the employer. This contribution is being bifurcated on the basis of various factors like salary of the employee, number of year he has worked and the number of year he will provide the service (Ferson, 2012). Employers also use the defined benefit plan as the tool of increment. It is also termed as the final salary plan as the pension which will be received by the employee after the retirement is also being decided in the defined benefit plan (Nguyen, Nguyen and Y in, 2014). There are three variables which are attached with the defined benefit plan these are: Defined benefit plan include pensionable services, it includes the number of years fir which the pension will paid to the employee Pensionable earnings are another variable which represents the amount that will be drawn by the employees when he will retire. Accrual Rate is the portion of the total amount which will be provided to the employee when the scheme will end (Paramasivan and Subramanian, 2009). Formula for calculating defined benefit plan No. of the year employee worked*salary of the employee at the time of retirement*accrual rate There are certain set of factors which helps in deciding the pension funds these factors are the years for which the service is being provided by the tertiary sector employee, the number of years he will provide the services, his salary and the accrual rate of interest on which the decision will be made (Wang and Zhao, 2015). Defined benefit plan also provides certain set of benefits to the employees like a fixed and bulk amount is being received by the employees at the time of maturity. There are various other benefits also which are being provided to the employees when the investments are made by the employee. Several tax benefits are also being provided to the employees who make the investment in defined benefit plans (Babalos, Kostakis and Philippas, 2009). Unfunded Benefit Plan There are two types of defined benefit plans, funded and unfunded benefit plans (Darst, Ebrary, 2013). Unfunded benefit plans are the plans in which investment in the assets is not be taken into consideration on the other hand investment done on assets and the stocks are being taken into consideration in the funded defined plan. One of the drawbacks attached with the funded benefit plan is that the certain amount is not being provided to the employee at the time of maturity because this set of amount cannot be estimated in the beginning of the investment (Jefferson, Therese, 2012). Investment Choice Plan The investment choice plan is the plan in which all set of plans related with the superannuation can be processed with the help of the investment account for which is to be activated with the investment company. The amount with which the account will be activated depends upon the will of the employee (Most, Wadia, 2015). In investment choice plans all set of earnings, gains and interests are being contributed together by the employer as well as employee. In this investment plan employee has the choice to make the modifications in the investment procedures as well as plans. It is the positive aspect which is being attached with the investment choice plan as employee has the decision making right in this plan. Another beneficial aspect is the employee has the choice to make the portfolio for the investment which is being made by him. Investment choice plan includes certain funds in which investment could be made these are secured funds, stable funds, trustees funds and share funds (Co rreia, 2015). Factors that will help Tertiary Sector Employee in Decision Making Risk Profile: Defined benefit plan has low risk involved in it as it is not directly linked with the market (Schreiber, 2016). Defined funds are safe to make the investment because any fluctuation in the market cannot impact the amount invested and the amount that will be availed at the time of maturity of the same. On the other hand investment choice plan has high risk involved with it as these are the funds which are directly attached with the market. Any fluctuation in the market has a direct impact on the investment choice plan as well as on the amount that will be received at the time of maturity (Basu, Drew, 2010). As choice plan includes shares, trustees funds, etch which gets impacted with the fluctuation in the market and various activities of the market. Inflation Rate: Inflation is the situation of the market in which the cost of dearness as well as living cost gets increased (Drakos and Konstantinou, 2012). Superannuation contributions should be taken into consideration while making any choice of the investment plans. Defined benefit plans gets proper support at the time of inflation because these are the long time period investment plans. In defined benefit plan the money is being invested for the long period of time die to which the value of the same declines with the passing time, due to this reason it is required that the more contribution should be provided by the employee if he decides to choose the defined benefit plan for investment purpose (Bai, Hsu and Krishnan, 2014). Time Frame of Investment: Time for which the investment is being made should be taken into consideration by the employee who is planning to make the investments (Bacon, 2010). Time plays a very vital role in deciding the amount that will be received in return by the employee. Investment choice plans include short term investment plans so if employee is willing to invest the money for short period of time then he should choose investment choice plans on the other hand for long period investment plans defined benefit plans should be chosen by the employees. Financial Goals: Financial goals are other important aspects that should be taken into consideration by the employees while making the investment decisions (Aslan, 2015). Different people have different set of financial goals. Like some people wants to generate the effective amount of profit from the investments then it is required that they should invest in investment choice plan. On the other hand if employees want to make the investment to secure their future and receive certain amount as the direct payment and certain as a pension after the retirement then they should invest in the defined benefit plan (Arnold, 2013). Issues With Time Value For Money It is required that the concept of time value for the money should be taken into consideration because it helps in developing the understanding with the fact that with the passage of time value for the money declines (Ferson, 2012). Different investment plans have different set of aspects; in the same manner both investment choice plan as well as defined benefit plans has different set of treatments as well as mitigation processes. Time value for money is the concept which helps in making the right choices as well as decisions in making the choice of investment. This also helps in providing the direction to analyze the pension of the employees which they will get at the time of retirement. Inflation and market conditions that play a vital role in time value for money (Nguyen, Nguyen and Yin, 2014). Time value for money helps in calculating the net present value of the superannuation and the pension amount which is required to be paid to the employee at the time of maturity. Therefore the issue that occurs with such type of investments is maintaining the track record of the cash inflows as well as cash outflows. Maintaining such type of aspects in a proper way is one of the biggest issues faced by the employers (Paramasivan and Subramanian, 2009). Efficient Market Hypothesis Efficient market situation is the market situation in the commodity price as well as the price of the stock and assets works as the reflectors of the organization (Wang and Zhao, 2015). In other words it could be said that the efficient market situation is the situation in which the price of the commodity, price of the stocks of the organization as well as price of the assets helps in determining the actual position of the organization in the market. In this market situation the implication of the price of the asset as well s price of the stock is being done in a proper as well as fair way (Babalos, Kostakis and Philippas, 2009). This market situation is being opposed by the value of the assets and the price of various other things which keeps on changing depending upon the market conditions. In efficient market situation the stocks as well as shares of the organization are being purchased for the purpose of investment. While making the investment in this market situation the past in formation related with value of assets, and shares of the company is not being taken into consideration because decisions in this are made on the basis of present position of the company in market (Darst, Ebrary, 2013). Pension Fund Manager in Portfolio Management Efficient market hypothesis is the situation in which pension fund manager does not plays a very vital role as all the aspects as well as decisions are dependent upon the current situation of the company hence decisions could be easily made by the individuals without taking help of the pension fund managers (Jefferson, Therese, 2012). Track record of old date of the company is not required in this situation, in case if record were required to be tracked then only the help of fund manager was required in such type of market situation. In case efficient market situation occurs then the role of the pension fund manager will get hampered and it could also be possible that his role could get diluted in such type of market situation. Pension fund manager could provide their services in the investments such as investment choice plan because in these investment plans proper set of track record is being kept for the past activities of the company in the market in behalf of which investment d ecisions are being made by the individuals (Most, Wadia, 2015). Hence, it could be analyzed that the pension fund manager does not play effective set of role in the efficient market hypothesis as the decision of the investment could be made on the current activities of the company in the market. But in reality possibility of occurrence of such type of market situation are very minimal. Hence in such type of situations the individuals will have to take the help of pension fund managers to as to manage their portfolios (Schreiber, 2016). Pension fund manager also helps in making the decisions related with the investment plans and provides the information related with investment decisions that in which aspect the investment are required to be made and in which it not beneficial to invest the money. Hence, analyzing all the aspects it could be evaluated that in the efficient market hypothesis pension fund manager does not play effective set of role as investment decisions in such market are taken on the basis of the present situations rather than the situations which are based on the past aspects (Basu, Drew, 2010). References Arnold, G. (2013).Essentials of corporate financial management. Harlow, England: Pearson. Aslan, H. (2015). Do Lending Relationships Affect Corporate Financial Policies?.Financial Management, 45(1), pp.141-173. Babalos, V., Kostakis, A. and Philippas, N. (2009). Managing mutual funds or managing expense ratios? Evidence from the Greek fund industry.Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 19(4), pp.256-272. Bacon, F. (2010).Corporate financial management. Acton, MA: Copley Custom Textbooks. Bai, G., Hsu, S. and Krishnan, R. (2014). Accounting Performance and Capacity Investment Decisions: Evidence from California Hospitals.Decision Sciences, 45(2), pp.309-339. Basu, Drew. (2010). The appropriateness of default investment options in defined contribution plans: Australian evidence. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, vol 18, n0 3, pp 290-305. Correia, C. (2005).Corporate financial management. Cottesloe, W.A.: Skystone Investments. Darst, D., Ebrary, Inc Content Provider., 2013, Portfolio Investment Opportunities in China (Wiley RealTime Finance). Hoboken: Wiley. Drakos, K. and Konstantinou, P. (2012). Investment decisions in manufacturing: assessing the effects of real oil prices and their uncertainty.Journal of Applied Econometrics, 28(1), pp.151-165. Ferson, W. (2012). Ruminations on Investment Performance Measurement.European Financial Management, 19(1), pp.4-13. Jefferson, Therese. (2012). Private retirement savings in Australia: Current policy initiatives and gender equity implications.(Contributed Article)(Report). Australian Bulletin of Labour, vol 38, no 3, pp 234-250. Most, W., Wadia, Z. (2015). Longevity plans: An answer to the decline of the defined benefit plan. Benefits Law Journal, vol 28, no 1, p 23. Nguyen, T., Nguyen, H. and Yin, X. (2014). Corporate Governance and Corporate Financing and Investment during the 2007-2008 Financial Crisis.Financial Management, 44(1), pp.115-146. Paramasivan, C. and Subramanian, T. (2009).Financial management. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers. Schreiber, S. (2016). Defined benefit plan participants can receive lump sum and annuity under new rules. Journal of Accountancy, vol 222, no 6, p 68. Wang, Y. and Zhao, J. (2015). Hedge Funds and Corporate Innovation.Financial Management, 44(2), pp.353-385.

Writing a Sample Body Paragraph Essay For Field Trip

Writing a Sample Body Paragraph Essay For Field TripHaving a sample body paragraph essay for field trip written by a current or former university student can be an important aspect of the seminar you will be taking. A sample paragraph is used to ensure that your focus is on the important points and not get distracted by the visual appeal of the chosen material.The body paragraph essay for field trip must also be able to answer any questions the visitor may have about the activities or visit. Students tend to have a good idea of what the university field trip is all about but they do not have the same idea about what they should be looking for.A student sample body paragraph essay for field trip for the field trip must be clear and concise in describing what the visitor should see and how they should perceive it. They should give insight into how they will perceive the materials and how well they will be able to absorb them. They should be able to summarize information and even experi ence the new environment.To experience a new environment, a visitor must experience a certain amount of difficulty. This difficulty is the experience that can be summarized with a word, term or phrase. For example, a student might say something like this: 'Upon arrival, students learned that the designated place to perform the field trip was surrounded by strange bumps and cracks. Some people claimed to have had eye problems with these conditions.'You can use your skills as a writer and compose a sample body paragraph essay for field trip that can satisfy the visitor's curiosity about the new situation. The formula for writing this type of essay is pretty simple and it can easily be done on a day when you are not looking at your computer. It is possible to spend the morning or afternoon doing research for your essay.In the afternoon, you can assemble your essay and take sometime to practice composing a sample paragraph for field trip. Spend some time at the library looking through t he research papers. Learn some tips on how to get the information you need in the shortest amount of time.The next step in writing a sample body paragraph essay for field trip is to place all of the facts that you found through research in the essay. However, do not rush through this part of the process. If the visitor decides to skip over the information you gathered, they will forget it will never come up again during the visit.When your essay is finished, you can use the information it contains to inform your other notes or essays for the field trip. The essay will show the visitor what the different perspectives look like and how the encounter would impact those perspectives. Your essay should offer the visitor information that will change their opinion and guide them to make an informed decision before leaving your campus.

Marvin’s Room free essay sample

Today I will be telling you about â€Å"Marvin’s Room† a play that was just performing in our WLC Theater this past weekend. The play was one of the best and interesting plays that I have ever seen but at the same time emotional and I will explain. â€Å"Marvin’s Room† was a story of a girl, who had cancer and needed a bone marrow transplant in order to survive. So her family came to visit her to see if they had a match and they didn’t. I learned a lot from this play and it made me look at life differently. I feel that this play can really change a lot of people’s state of mind because when it comes to life and death situations that change your whole view. You never know what can come along and change a person’s life. I really enjoyed the play all together because I saw how unique some people are in the preforming arts department at Wisconsin Lutheran College. We will write a custom essay sample on Marvin’s Room or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I also like the way they let the students be their self and let them use some words that we use in everyday life when we’re angry. On top of that I could also tell that the students really enjoyed what they’re doing when they’re out on the stage in front of a big crowd and don’t get stage fright. I’m not much of a theater guy and not much into watching plays or musical plays either but I can say that this one really caught my eye. Last but not least, when you sit and watch a play this serious and a play that is so good and so well performed, it really get your mind thinking about life in this world when you have to depend on the Lord and your family.

Lesson Plans to Explore the Definition of Christmas

Lesson Plans to Explore the Definition of Christmas The drive to preserve the separation of church in state in schools has meant that the curricular approach to teaching about Christmas has been watered down to the least common denominator. What is taught in school often has little to do with the real meaning of Christmas. By teaching about Christmas with lessons about Eid al Adha and Hannukah you can teach the history of Christmas as well as the traditions surrounding its celebration. Day One, Christmas as a Religious Holiday Objective: Students will name one reason Christmas is celebrated by Christians. Procedure: Do a KWL Chart with your classTell the basics of the Christmas Story. Use a crà ¨che, if you have one. Assessment: Distribute coloring pages. Put a place to write names on the coloring pages: Mary, Joseph, Jesus, Shepherds, angels. Day Two, Christmas Values Objective: Children will name ways in which we can live out Christmas Values. Brainstorm: What do these values mean? HospitalityGenerosityKindnessToleranceLove Procedure: Read The Christmas Tapestry by Patricia Polacco. Discuss the following questions: What did Jonathon Jefferson Weeks learn about Christmas?How did the tapestry change the life of the old Jewish woman?What was the Tapestry, really?Which of the Christmas Values did Jonathon and his father show to the old woman?Did the old woman show to Jonathon and his father? Day Three, Christmas Gift Givers Objective: Children will match countries to Christmas Gift Givers. Procedure: Perform an internet search and have students find the country for each of the following gift givers. Santa ClausSinterklaasChristkindFather ChristmasPere Noel Report: On chart paper, write countries next to gift givers. Place labels on the map. Day Four, Christmas Celebrations Objective: Students will compare family traditions surrounding Christmas Procedure: Create a chart with the following categories: Tree: When does it go up? What do you put on the top?Presents: When do you open presents?Stockings: Does everyone in your family have a stocking? Are they all still filled?Food: What do you eat Christmas Eve? Have a tasting. Prepare  Wassail  with your children, or ahead of time. Day Five, Christmas Around the World Objective: Students will compare and contrast practices between an American Christmas celebration and a celebration in another country. Procedure: Read about Christmas in another country. If you know someone from another culture, invite them. You may also check out Santas Net, which has narratives about many countries. Make a same/different chart. Write the things that are different between the two holidays under different, those that are the same under the same.

Effective communication Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Effective communication - Assignment Example The process of conveying information from the source, say an individual or group of people to a destination, which may be a person or group of people, is a complex process that may encounter a myriad of hindrances such as prejudice or noise from hecklers, for instance.   Communication is a complex â€Å"give and take† process (Antos, 2011). Thus, barriers to communication are elemental factors that blocks or obstructs the delivery of information as intended from the source to/by the receiver (Eisenberg, 2010). Listening and communication skills are part of effective communication and may well form the basis of information content distortion. Preconceptions (prejudice), for example, are barriers to listening capabilities that often come with inbuilt preformed opinions that dictate how an individual communicates with another party. In particular, pre-conceived notions are recipes for selective hearing and retention with a hampering effect to screening out statement of facts (Antos, 2011). Noteworthy, effective communication requires open-mind speaking and listening from both parties (information sender(s) and receiver(s)). Such a strategy is not only a show of respect to others’ unique perspectives but a deviational tactic from confrontational side-bars at the

Corporate law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Corporate law - Essay Example Sarah, who bought a hotel from Nigel, later realized that the physical condition of the building, housing the hotel, was not in perfect condition as she had been led to believe, by her architect friend, is putting Nigel the proprietor of Colchester Suppliers through litigation. The financial performance of the hotel was also not, in accordance with what the hotel’s accountant had projected to her. Upon the revelation of these discrepancies, Sarah suffered a nervous breakdown, which she squarely blames on Nigel and is suing for responsibility. Sarah’s case against Nigel is a typical case of obligatory law, which integrates personal duty into the law governing such transactions between individuals and corporations. Nigel is not responsible for any wrongdoing, on his part because on the part of the financial performance of the hotel, the accountant made it clear to Sarah that the information presented was without responsibility, on his part, as the accountant. The fact tha t the accountant provided this information, when giving Sarah financial information pertaining to the hotel, shows that Sarah had an obligation to seek an alternative and independent opinion about the hotel’s accounts. This would have helped her make a better judgement of the hotel’s financial position and decide if it was worth her attention. She should not lay blame on Nigel, as the owner of the hotel, because it should have been that the account’s opinion would be bias, in favour of the hotel he or she has been catering for. The accountant’s actions could be partly due to the desire to portray the hotel in a positive light for retaining their position as employees in the event of a transfer of ownership. This transfers part of the blame to the accountant who should be held liable for their actions because the law under the obligations rule subjects them to the duty of telling the truth on facts and knowledge they are privy to (Golding & Edmundson, 2008 p148). Under corporate law, obligation to conform to social rules like telling the truth requires that a sanction be carried out against the accountant because of his/her actions. Obligations of this nature, under the law, make it a duty for someone to conform to some social rules that govern practices in businesses. These obligations are subject to a sovereign authority to obey where the command requires the conveyance of a will and awareness of the attached risk involved in suffering a sanction for non-compliance (Dimond, 2009 p180). Nigel, on his part, did not refuse to divulge information concerning the financial position of the hotel or opinion because Sarah never asked for it. If he had given his opinion, it can be held that he lied about the financial state of the hotel so He should be exonerated of any blame in matters relating to the finances of the hotel. However, at the same, it makes it his duty to ensure that his employee observed the appropriate moral conduct of confo rming to social rules because the accountant was in his employ. His failure to make it his duty and obligation casts some responsibility to him for his accountant’s actions. The obligation law casts more negligence on the buyer and the accountant because they did not do what was meant to be their duty under the law (Davies, 2011 p 318). Sarah consulted her architect friend, Liz, to assess the building the hotel was housed in, and this shows that she